Type conversion (or type casting) is the process of converting a value from one data type to another.

Implicit Conversion (Coercion): JavaScript often automatically converts values from one type to another when an operation involves mixed types. This can sometimes lead to unexpected results if not understood.

console.log("5" + 3);    // Output: "53" (number 3 is coerced to string "3")
console.log("5" - 3);    // Output: 2 (string "5" is coerced to number 5)
console.log(5 + true);   // Output: 6 (boolean true is coerced to number 1)
console.log(Boolean(0)); // Output: false (0 is falsy)

Explicit Conversion: You can explicitly convert types using built-in functions:

• String() or value.toString(): Converts a value to a string.

  let num = 123;
  let strNum = String(num); // "123"
  console.log(typeof strNum); // "string"
  

• Number(): Converts a value to a number. If the value cannot be converted, it returns NaN.

  let str = "45.6";
  let numStr = Number(str); // 45.6
  console.log(Number("hello")); // NaN
  console.log(Number(true));    // 1
  console.log(Number(false));   // 0
  

  Shorthand ways to convert to number: +value (unary plus operator) parseInt(string, radix): Parses a string and returns an integer. parseFloat(string): Parses a string and returns a floating-point number.
• Boolean(): Converts a value to a boolean. Values that convert to false (falsy values): false, 0, "" (empty string), null, undefined, NaN. All other values convert to true (truthy values).

  console.log(Boolean("hello")); // true
  console.log(Boolean(0));     // false
  console.log(Boolean(undefined)); // false