JavaScript provides mechanisms to gracefully handle runtime errors (exceptions) and prevent your program from crashing.

1. try...catch statement:

• The try block contains code that might throw an error.
• If an error occurs within the try block, execution immediately jumps to the catch block.
• The catch block receives an error object (often named e or error) containing information about the error.

try {
  let result = some riskyOperation();
  console.log(result);
} catch (error) {
  console.error("An error occurred: " + error.message);
  // You can also log error.name or error.stack for more details
}
console.log("Execution continues after try...catch.");

2. try...catch...finally statement:

• The finally block executes after the try and catch blocks, regardless of whether an error occurred or was caught.
• It's often used for cleanup code (e.g., closing files, releasing resources).

try {
  console.log("Attempting operation...");
  // potentiallyErrorProneCode();
  console.log("Operation successful (or no error thrown).");
} catch (e) {
  console.error("Error caught: " + e.message);
} finally {
  console.log("Finally block executed - cleanup tasks here.");
}

3. throw statement: Allows you to create and throw your own custom errors or re-throw existing ones. You can throw any expression, but it's common to throw Error objects or instances of custom error classes derived from Error.

function validateAge(age) {
  if (typeof age !== 'number') {
    throw new TypeError("Age must be a number.");
  }
  if (age < 0) {
    throw new RangeError("Age cannot be negative.");
  }
  console.log("Age is valid: " + age);
}

try {
  validateAge(25);
  validateAge(-5);
} catch (e) {
  console.error(e.name + ": " + e.message);
}
// Output for validateAge(-5) -> RangeError: Age cannot be negative.